Who Was Responsible For The First World War Essay Example

Who Was Responsible For The First World War Essay Who caused the passings of more than 20,000,000 individuals? Was it a solitary, hard, vindictive individual? Was it a gathering of these individuals or a nation that caused the Great War? Or then again would it be able to have been a framework or strategy around then? Who caused the occasions that propelled the Jewish artist Isaac Rosenburg to compose the sonnet Dead Mans Dump in 1917?The wheels swayed over spread deadBut tormented them not, however their bones crunched;Their shut mouths made no moan.They lie there clustered, companion and foeman,Man conceived of man, and conceived of woman;And shells go crying over themFrom night till night and now.Private Isaac Rosenburg, 22311, was murdered on April first, 1918, at day break while on night watch. Simply one more of the 20,000,000 then.France had totally despised Germany for quite a long time. The Franco-Prussian War started in July 1870 because of a debate among France and Prussia, the principle German State. The various German st ates joined Prussia, and the contention got one among France and Germany. The war finished with the Treaty of Frankfurt, which was marked on May 10, 1871. The bargain given that France would give the greater part of Alsace and part of Lorraine (portions of West France) to Germany, pay Germany 5 billion francs, and bolster a German armed force of occupation until the gigantic whole was paid. The cash was paid off shockingly rapidly because of the French arranging and taking out advances. In any case, there were two impacts of this war, which added to World War One.The initially was the new German Empire. Before the Franco-Prussian War, Germany had been comprised of little free states more than 40 of them. Prussias thrashing of Austria in the Seven-Week War of 1866 had built up it as the fundamental German State. After the Franco-Prussian War, Germanys states signed up together and the administration acknowledged how solid the new realm might be.The second impact concerned Frances emo tions towards Germany. They were amazingly irate about their thrashing and the loss of Alsace and Lorraine. Their scorn for Germany had expanded considerably more, making way for another war between them.An fundamental reason for the First World War was patriotism. Patriotism is the political philosophy that all individuals of a similar ethnic inception, language, and political beliefs reserved the privilege to autonomous states. At the end of the century, in any case, the issue of patriotism was as yet uncertain in different territories of Europe, bringing about strains both inside the locales in question and between different European countries. One especially unmistakable nationalistic development, Panslavism (the conviction that all Eastern Orthodox Slavs should live in their own nation), figured intensely in the occasions going before the war.The soul of patriotism additionally appeared in financial contention. The Industrial Revolution, which occurred in Britain toward the fin ish of the eighteenth century, followed in France in the mid nineteenth century, and afterward in Germany after 1870, caused an extraordinary increment in each countrys produce and a requirement for remote nations to sell their merchandise in. The ideal spot for the European nations to have states was Africa, and on that mainland frontier contention was regular. A few times somewhere in the range of 1898 and 1914 the monetary competition in Africa among France and Britain, and between Germany on one side and France and Britain on the other, nearly encouraged an European war. A significant case of this would be the Agadir Crisis.On July first, 1911, Germanys warship The Panther arrived at Moroccos primary port, Agadir. This irritated the French proprietors of the nation, who had taken it to Germanys protest in 1905, as they suspected Germany would attempt to take Agadir. The British were additionally stressed by this move as they had a maritime base in Gibraltar, Southern Spain, just a couple of miles north of Morocco. Germany could without much of a stretch test them on the off chance that they had Agadir as their port, and Britain arranged for a war. The war never came Germany gave way and let France have their port. Be that as it may, the harm was finished. England and Frances relations with Germany were considerably increasingly stressed and could have lashed out at any time.As a consequence of such strains, somewhere in the range of 1871 and 1914 the countries of Europe embraced household measures and international strategies that thusly consistently expanded the risk of war. Persuaded that they were compromised, they kept up huge standing armed forces, and expanded the size of their naval forces. The maritime race was seriously serious. England, affected by the developing German naval force, started in 1900 and by the occasions of the Russo-Japanese War, built up its armada under the heading of Admiral Sir John Fisher. The war among Russia and Japan had d emonstrated that long-go maritime weapons were viable and the British built up the progressive and generally duplicated Dreadnought warship, with a ton of combat hardware. Advancements in different regions of military innovation and association prompted the predominance of general staffs with definitely laid designs for activation and assault, frequently in circumstances that a military couldnt escape once they had got into it. This got evident during the war, when officers would remain in basically a similar spot for extensive stretches of time in the channel filled battlefields.The nations of Europe began to make moves that in the long run would make the size of the war a lot bigger. Germanys government concluded it was to their greatest advantage to make collusions with nations for additional assurance if a war started. In 1879, Austria marked an arrangement with Germany and a solid collusion was conceived. Germanys next move was to align with Italy in 1882, and afterward with Ru ssia in 1887. Tragically, Russia and Austria were foes in view of contentions in the Balkans, so Germany didn't recharge the partnership with Russia in 1890. France felt compromised by The Central Powers (the name for the partnerships between Germany, Austro-Hungary and Italy), so in 1892, a bargain was marked with Russia for insurance and backing. In 1904, Britain, feeling stressed over Germanys developing maritime power, aligned with France and in 1907 with Russia. Presently Europe had been isolated into two equipped camps the Central Powers and the Triple Entente (the name for France, Britain and Russias alliance).Southeast Europe is known as The Balkans. For quite a long time, the incredible Turks had managed it, however when their realm started to self-destruct in the nineteenth century, the Austro-Hungarian Empire plunged in and took a significant part of the Balkans for itself. Just Bosnia, Albania and Montenegro were as yet controlled by the Turks and four nations picked up freedom Greece, Rumania, Bulgaria and Serbia. Austria added Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908.The Russians began to get benevolent with the individuals in the Balkans, convincing them to defy Turkish guideline with a hypothesis called Panslavism. Numerous Russians were Eastern Orthodox Christian Slavs, and the individuals in the Balkans were as well. The Russians disclosed to them that they would support them in the event that they attempted to pick up freedom from Turkish principle, however they were really controlling these individuals for their own benefit. Russia needed the Dardanelles, a restricted piece of ocean which associated the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, since the entirety of their Northern ports were solidified in winter, and the Dardanelles gave a course into the sea. Turkey despite everything controlled the Dardanelles as of now, yet in the event that the Slavic individuals of the Balkans revolted, Turkey would debilitate and Russia would get an opportunity to overse e the Dardanelles.This infuriated Austria, as they despised Serbia, presently on neighborly standing with Russia. The occupants of Bosnia were primarily Serbian, and needed to live openly like the Serbs in Serbia. The Austro-Hungary Empire was at risk for crumbling if individuals revolted for opportunity, so their relations with Russia turned out to be a lot of more regrettable than they had been beforehand. The Central Powers were not partial to the Triple Entente, and the other way around another push towards full-scale warfare.The Balkan Wars started in 1912, finishing a year later. Turkey had lost a large portion of its nations at this point, yet was sticking on to Macedonia. The Balkan League, which was comprised of the free Balkan nations, including Greece, Bulgaria, and Serbia, needed Macedonia to be free. A war was battled among Turkey and the League, finishing off with all the Turks being driven out from the territory. In 1913, another war was battled, this time between the League individuals Serbia and Greece versus Bulgaria. This was on the grounds that Serbia needed a greater amount of Macedonia for itself, irritating Bulgaria who assaulted Serbia. The war was over inside 2 months, yet had some significant results.It brought about an expanded want with respect to Serbia to acquire the pieces of Austria-Hungary possessed by Slavic people groups, reinforced Austro-Hungarian doubt of Serbia, and left Bulgaria and the Turkish Empire, both crushed in the wars, with a longing for retribution. Germany, disillusioned in light of the fact that Turkey had been denied of its European domain by the Balkan Wars, expanded the size of its army.Every war has a trigger. The trigger for the war to put to shame all other wars happened in 1914, on a bright June day in Belgrade, capital of Bosnia. The Emperor Francis Joseph of Austrias nephew, Archduke Francis Ferdinand (beneficiary to the Austrian realm) and his significant other Sophie were visiting for a military in vestigation. Individuals from the Black Hand Gang, a Serbian patriot gathering, chose to slaughter him. Borijove Jevtic, one of the schemers, gave this observer account:When Francis Ferdinand and his entourage drove from the station they were permitted to pass the initial two backstabbers. The engine vehicles were driving too quick to even consider making an endeavor doable and in the group were numerous Serbians; tossing a projectile would have murdered numerous honest people.When the vehicle passed Gabrinovic, the printer, he tossed his explosive. It hit the side of the vehicle, however Francis Ferdinand with common sense hurled himself back and was unharmed. A few officials riding in his participation were injured.The vehicles sped to the Town Hall and the remainder of the schemers didn't meddle with t

Pepe jeans Essay

The organization keeps in touch with its free retailers by means of gathering of 10 specialists and every operator is answerable for retailers in a specific territory of the nation. Pepe is persuaded that a decent connection with the autonomous retailers is fundamental to its prosperity. Pepe’s prerequisite to put in firm requests a half year ahead of time with no chance revisions, crossing out, or continue requesting. Some guaranteed that the firm request framework constrained them to arrange less, bringing about stock outs. Pepe felt that a change would have been required soon. The least demanding arrangement would be work with the Hong Kong sourcing operator to lessen the lead time related with orders yet this was going to expand the expense altogether. Indeed, even with the noteworthy increment in cost, reliable conveyance timetables would be hard to keep. Another proposal was to construct a completing activity in United Kingdom. Pepe was intrigued to perceive how framework functioned at U. S. tasks. They found that they would need to keep around six weeks’ gracefully of fundamental pants close by in the United Kingdom and they need to contribute ? 1,000,000 worth of gear. They likewise evaluated that it would cost about ? 500,000 to work the office every year. They could find the office in the storm cellar of current place of business, and the redesigns would cost ? 300,000.

Legal Monopoly in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Legitimate Monopoly in the USA - Essay Example Kaufmann and Francis (17) mean that a legitimate syndication can take t government the type of an administration imposing business model. An administration syndication is whereby the state controls and claims a specific kind of industry or creation units. A genuine case of an administration restraining infrastructure is the Postal Service of the US (USPS). This association has a legitimate and selective option to convey letters and sends to all the residents of the United States. This is regardless of any district they are in America. Kaufmann and Francis (19) additionally distinguish a legislature allowed imposing business model for instance of a lawful restraining infrastructure. In this kind of syndication, the different interests of the private area are shielded from rivalry by laws of a state. Larson (26) means that exercises of government conceded restraining infrastructures are in every case continually controlled for reasons for guaranteeing that they don't abuse their clients. Larson (27) proceeds to indicate that a case of a legislature conceded imposing business model is the licensed developments. Larson (29) characterizes a patent for instance of a constrained restraining infrastructure, in which the holder of the patent is given a select option to create, deal, and utilize the protected innovation for a specific timeframe. The United States patent act spreads out the guidelines and the conditions to be met, for a person to be given a patent right by the United States government. Initially, this law was sanctioned by the congress to secure the creations of American designers, and give them an elite directly over the use of their revelations. This is contained in article 1, under segment 8, and proviso 8. Larson (32) proceeds to mean that the principle point of allowing patent rights is to urge speculators to contribute their assets and time for motivations behind structure new disclosures and innovations which are valuable to the country.â

Human Resource Management in Organisations - Shipyard Progres Essay

Human Resource Management in Organizations - Shipyard Progres - Essay Example End and Recommendations 11 References 12 Appendix 13 1. Presentation The assessment of field-tested strategies is of basic significance for understanding the capability of a firm to make sure about its situation in the market. The utilization of the executives frameworks that have been as of now tried in genuine economic situations can assist administrators with developing progressively exact presumptions in regards to their firm’s possibilities both in the short and the long haul. Adjusted Scorecard is an administration framework concentrating rather on long haul business objectives and accomplishments. Various methodologies have been utilized in the writing for portraying the Balanced Scorecard; as per Chi et al. (2011) the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) can be described as ‘a execution the board framework for helping an enterprise in actualising its strategy’ (Chi et al. 2011, p.224). From an alternate perspective, Rabbani et al. (2011) note that the BSC is based â⠂¬Ëœon the basic achievement factor (CSF) idea of a restricted arrangement of execution measures’ (Rabbani et al. 2011, p.1). The above methodologies mirror the points of Kaplan and Norton concerning the utilization of BSC as an administration framework for estimating hierarchical execution. ... Reference is made to a particular firm: the shipyard Progres, a firm settled in 1837 as a feature of the shipbuilding business of Netherlands. Because of the extreme changes in advertise structure and patterns, the firm’s existing systems should be completely assessed and refreshed. Accentuation ought to be given on the administration of staff yet additionally on the administration of the firm’s money related segment. The advancement of a suitably redone Balanced Scorecard framework could improve the checking of the firm’s methodologies, assisting with distinguishing the key reasons of the disappointments as to the firm’s plan for development inside its industry. In addition, the particular framework could assist the association with estimating whether the venture under audit, the acquisition of a current dry dock - which could be secured in Eemshaven harbor, is achievable and under which terms it could contribute in the firm’s development. 2. Adjus ted Scorecard †handiness, relevance and traps against Self-examination models The exhibition of associations in the long haul is hard to be evaluated with exactness. The utilization of the executives frameworks, for example, the Balanced Scorecard, helps towards the recognizable proof of a firm’s possibilities inside its market; truth be told, the Balanced Scorecard, can offer to a firm’s directors the opportunity to assess the exhibition of their association as being impacted by explicit techniques and activities. Starting here of view, the Balanced Scorecard can be described as a significant administration instrument helping chiefs to build up a total perspective on their firm’s current operational status yet in addition of its viewpoints later on (Ba-Abaad 222009). The Balanced Scorecard has a

Music in the Afro Brazilian Religion Candomble Research Paper - 1

Music in the Afro Brazilian Religion Candomble - Research Paper Example This Music in the Afro Brazilian Religion Candomble exposition diagrams the qualities of Brazilian religion. The highlights remembered for the religion incorporate energetic customs and music that are extremely basic in its turn of events. The Capoeira is one perceived craftsmanship in the Afro Brazilian setting that has the blend of music and move. The particular ceremony is military workmanship made in Brazil by captives of the African landmass and described by quick and quick moves that are fairly unpredictable for anybody not very much prepared to appreciate. The force applied in the move is tremendous and in this manner for an individual to play out the craftsmanship well, quality is a significant factor. One of the instruments utilized in the Capoeira is the berimbau. The instrument has its significance in that it draws out the musicality of the melodies in execution. Cadence is an essential piece of the custom and without it; there can be no feeling of move in the music played in the Capoeira. The berimbau isn't the main instrument played in the Capoeira but instead one of a set. The set is organized in succession where there are three berimbeu, an agogo and two pendeiros (Rohrig 167). The full arrangement of the set is significant in that every one of the instruments has a job that it plays in the fruition of an ideal Candomble move. All the instruments should follow the arrangement of the cadence of the berimbau. The melodies played in the Capoeira have various subjects and purposes. There are likewise the melodies played in different games with an end goal to support the confidence of the players.

Herpetophobia or Fear of Reptiles

Herpetophobia or Fear of Reptiles Phobias Types Print Herpetophobia and Its Treatment A Fear of Reptiles and Lizards By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Updated on June 24, 2019 Chris Cheadle / Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Herpetophobia is a fear of reptiles, specifically snakes and lizards. The severity of  this relatively common specific phobia  can vary drastically, making it difficult to decide without guidance from a mental health professional  whether you have a clinical phobia or simply a fear. Specific phobias are an irrational fear of a situation or object, and their boundless number is only limited by the number of nouns in any language. All types of phobia are a serious mental illness, known as an anxiety disorder, and affect 10 to 12 percent of people in the United States. The other two types of phobia are agoraphobia  and social phobia (social anxiety disorder). An Evolutionary Phobia There is a theory that herpetophobia, along with  arachnophobia (fear of spiders), is an evolutionary phobia. Theorists posit that our ancestors tended to fear animals, both vertebrates, and invertebrates, that could cause harm. So, the sheer number of venomous reptiles in the environment could have caused herpetophobia to develop over time. Herpetophobia Is Highly Personalized Herpetophobia is a very personalized phobia, meaning symptoms  can vary greatly from person to person. While you might only be afraid when touching a large snake, another sufferer might have a more severe case and cannot even look at photographs of small, harmless geckos. Your various symptoms of herpetophobia might include: Fear whenever you are in proximity to a reptile or even amphibianThe inability to shop in pet stores that offer reptiles for saleRefusal to go on hiking trips or other activities during which there is a chance of encountering a reptileOverreacting, such as screaming crying, shaking or hyperventilating, if you unexpectedly encounter the reptile of your fear Characteristics of a less severe phobia include being able to tolerate reptiles in the area, but panicking if you come into physical contact with one. Treatment for Herpetophobia A specific phobia only requires treatment if it interferes with your daily activities, including your job and personal relationships. If you think youre exhibiting symptoms of herpetophobia, consult a doctor or therapist to determine if its just an everyday fear or you meet the criteria for a clinical diagnosis. Therapeutic options include: Psychoanalysis, one-on-one talk therapySystematic desensitization, also known as graduated exposure therapy, may include Neuro-Linguistic Programming, virtual reality exposure therapy, eye movement desensitization, and reprocessingPsychoeducation to restructure your phobic thoughtsHypnotherapy With proper treatment, the vast majority of phobias are manageable or curable. Over time, however, untreated phobias can worsen and become life-limiting.   Systematic Desensitization Therapy Systematic  desensitization, based on the principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy,  can treat 90 percent of herpeto-phobics successfully. Depending on the severity of your case, according to Tom G. Stevens, Ph.D.,  a psychologist and professor emeritus at California University, you can guide yourself through the steps or seek the help of a mental health professional. This method takes various forms and is the common mode of treatment for the vast majority of specific phobia cases. It leaves the client in control and never terrorizes or causes discomfort to the person in treatment.

Business Case Preparation

Although preparing cases is an important requirement is any school of business,  there’s no specific way of doing it. However, students are advised to invest valuable time for business case preparation in order to ensure the best results. Before you attend the classroom discussion, it is significant to ensure you have carefully studied the scheduled case. Despite having so much on your hands, such as extracurricular activities, coursework, and finals among others, there’s no good reason why you should not secure time to read and prepare for the business case ahead of the classroom. This paper outlines how to effectively prepare for a business case in order to increase the possibility of scoring high grade in the subject. There are several preparation steps that you should follow to succeed in business case analysis: Read the Case At Least Twice. Business cases can be complex and confusing, and you must invest adequate time to figure out exactly what they are about. For this reason, you are likely to overlook the essential aspects during the first reading.   If you are confused during the first reading, do not panic; your second reading will help you come up with good ideas about the business case. What’s more, during your second reading, your memory will have improved and you’ll grasp the key points pretty fast.   The ability to memorise the case study will help you become more active during the class discussion. Take Notes. Taking notes of the key points will help you come up with concrete ideas. The bottom line is to separate what is most important from what is less important. This approach is the most effective during the second reading. Apply Basic Frameworks. All students in the business school will at some point learn about basic frameworks such as 4P’s and Five Forces. While these frameworks may not always apply in some cases, it is really a good strategy to apply them where relevant to help demystify the business case. Form an Opinion. One of the key requirements in business cases is taking a side, and this requires you to be able to pursue a certain option with some good reasons. In order to a pass a business case assessment, you must be able to not just take a side but to confidently defend your choices. Always ensure that your opinion is not just arguable but backed up with solid evidence, otherwise your professor will nail you down. You must also recognize the fact that most business problems have multiple solutions. Therefore, you must be able to recommend particular solution and exhaustively give rationale for choosing one solution and not the other. It is critical to brainstorm about the possible ways of addressing the prevailing case issue, problem or goal. Before the classroom discussion, you may want to discuss with your classmates about the potential plan and solutions. Furthermore, it is always important to hear different perspectives from different participants. For example, if the solution for a certain business problem is to adopt the latest technology, you must identify the manner in which it will be a solution to the problem.

An Investigation Of The Experiences And Meaning Of...

Buthelezi, M. (2009). An investigation of the experiences and meaning of xenophobia at the University of Johannesburg by international students. Unpublished masters thesis. Kwazulu Natal: University of Zululand. Braun, V., Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3:2, 77-101. Chinomona, E., Maziriri, E.T. (2015). Examining the Phenomenon of Xenophobia as Experienced by African Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Johannesburg, South African: Intensifying the Spirit of ‘Ubuntu’. International Journal of Research in Business Studies and Management, 2:6, 20-31. Creswell, J.W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. California: Sage Publications. Crush, J. (2001). â€Å"Immigration Xenophobia and Human Rights in South Africa†. SAMP Migration Policy Series no 22. Cape Town: Idasa. Crush, J., Pendleton, W. (2004). Regionalising Xenophobia? Citizen attitudes to immigration and refugee policy in Southern Africa. Canada: SAMP. Crush, J., Ramachandran, S., Pendleton, W., 2013, Soft targets: Xenophobia, public violence and changing attitudes to Migrants in South Africa after May 2008. Viewed 12 November 2015, Available from www.queensu.ca/samp/sampresources/samppublications/.../Acrobat64.pd Denzin, N.K., Lincoln, Y.S. (2008). Collecting and Interpreting Qualitative Materials. 3rd edition. California: Sage Publications. Descombe, M. (2010). The good research guide. New York: Open University Press.Show MoreRelatedThemes Of Xenophobia In District 91333 Words   |  6 Pagesbegins as a documentary style investigation and then as the film continues it becomes more conventional and character driven following Wikus and his transformation into a Prawn. The film focuses on two very important themes, Xenophobia and Segregation. Xenophobia is characterized by a negative attitude towards foreigners, a dislike, a fear, or a hatred. Segregation as most people know is a separation of people or objects from others. To explore the theme of Xenophobia a little more in depth I willRead MoreXenophobia In District 9 Essay1338 Words   |  6 PagesExploring Xenophobia in District 9 Thirty years ago, aliens arrive on Earth, not to conquer or give aid, but to find refuge from their dying planet. Separated from humans in a South African area called District 9, the aliens are managed by Multi-National United, which is not concerned with the aliens welfare but will do anything to master their advanced technology. When a company field agent Wikus contracts a mysterious virus that begins to alter his DNA, there is only one place he can hide: District

Essay on The Importance of Olivia in Twelfth Night

The Importance of Olivia in Twelfth Night nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Olivia, in Twelfth Night, is the character who unifies the play by her involvement in each of the three plots.nbsp; Olivia is loved by Orsino, but she loves Cesario.nbsp; Olivia plays a vital role in the plot to gull Malvolio, although she is unaware of it.nbsp; Olivia also has an active role in the plot to dupe Sir Andrew because he is jealous of her attention towards Cesario. In conlusion Olivia is the one who inifies the play the best. nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Olivia is involved the the love plot more then any other plot in which she is involved in.nbsp; Olivia is loved by others, and she is also in†¦show more content†¦nbsp; Olivia also explains how she is in love with Cesario by telling him that she loves him in front of him in his face when he is over at Olivias house. nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; I love thee so that, maugre all thy pride nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; (Act 3, Scene 1, Line 149). nbsp; Cessario also knows that Olivias in love with him, because he realizes that after Malvolio had given the ring to Cessario apon returning from Olivias house.nbsp; This is prooven to us when Cessario is on the stage him self reading a soliloquy, which read: nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; She loves me sure; the sunning of her passion invites me in this churlish messenger nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; (Act 2, Scene 2, Lines 19-20). nbsp; The last person that Olivias in love with is Sebastian.nbsp; This is the person which Olivia is fooled by.nbsp;Show MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1130 Words   |  5 Pagesfascinating. Specifically, the love that is elucidated through the characters in Twelfth Night is passionate, but unfortunately it is not always accepted by the desired character. Viola relays Orsino’s love for Olivia with devotion and warmth but sadly, the love is still refused by Olivia (1.5.244-245). Shakespeare writes about love with such importance and ecstasy, loves presence in Shakespeare s works, highlighted in Twelfth Night is comparable to fertile tears, thunder and fire. Love is variable, it isRead MoreRole Of Female Characters In Twelfth Night1608 Words   |  7 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night, the female characters have a strong constitution specifically Olivia and Viola. The play begins with a shipwrecked Viola who decides to disguise herself and go under the assumed name of Cesario. Viola Cesario falls in love with Duke Orsino who is in love with Olivia. The Duke asks for Cesario to woo Olivia for him however Olivia begins to fall for Cesario. Later, Violas twin brother reappears, and Olivia mistakes him for Cesario proposes to him. In theRead MoreMisinterpretations Of Love In Twelfth Night By William Shakespeare1021 Words   |  5 Pages Twelfth Night Behind the Mask Love can not hide behind a mask forever in the end truth will prevail. In the play Twelfth Night written by William Shakespeare there are many circumstances where there are misinterpretations of love in various romantic relationships. There are many instances where characters where used disguises were used to create plot development. In Shakespeare play trickery was used to create plot development. Mistaken identity was used to create a complicated love triangle. ShakespeareRead MoreThemes Of Social Mobility Through Marriage1655 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper critically analyses the theme of social mobility through marriage in Shakespeare’s play ‘Twelfth Night’. In addition, the paper highlights how different characters in the play got into higher social classes or desired to be in higher social classes through marriage. This paper holds that in a highly stratified society such as that presented in the Shakespeare’s play; marriage plays a significant role in in social class mobility. As opposed to some traditional society where marriage wasRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay1146 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Twelfth Night The use of genre in any literary work assist the responder in understanding the text, as prior knowledge and past experience are used by composers to construct certain expectations due to characteristics that are recognised. Shakespeare, in his play Twelfth Night uses the Romantic comedy genre and its conventions of strong themes of love and a series of obstacles and misunderstandings concluded with a harmonious union of the loversRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night Essay1329 Words   |  6 Pagesplay Twelfth Night shows us the harmful effects of superficiality and self-love. Many of the characters in the play have these two bad qualities and suffer a great deal because of them. In this paper, I will be analyzing how the suffering in the play is caused by the characters’ superficiality and self-love. I will begin by examining the superficiality and self –love of the society in the play. Then I will look at how this superficiality is manifested through the characters of Orsino, Olivia, andRead MoreThe Twelfth Night, By Oscar Wilde1158 Words   |  5 Pagesimmediate needs for the family. However, William Shakespeare’s Olivia, in the Twelfth Night, and Oscar Wilde’s Gwendolen, in the comedy, The Importance of Being Earnest narrative seemingly contradict orthodox gender norms. Olivia and Gwendolen both live in a social constru ct based on male dominance. Yet both of them upends this norm and play dominant role in both of their relationships. In his play the Twelfth Night, Shakespeare uses Lady Olivia to illustrate the complexities of love and courtship byRead MoreThe Importance of Madness as a Theme in Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare629 Words   |  3 PagesThe Importance of Madness as a Theme in Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare Madness is a very important theme that is present in the whole course of the play Twelfth Night. Firstly, we have Malvolio almost turning mad because of the cruel joke the other servants play on him. They make him think he is mad and they also make Olivia think he is mad because of the funny way in which he is acting. There is also the theme of mad love. Some examples of this are Orsino being madlyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1133 Words   |  5 PagesThe Power of Words and Realities†¨ †¨ The Twelfth Night was a religious festival held during the Elizabethan Era. It also †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨celebrated the concept of the reversal of normal order, where the lower and upper class had the †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨chance to experience each other’s roles in society. It was a day of celebration in which enabled a †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨time of foolishness for each class. This religious festival seem to have influenced Shakespeare’s †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨play, Twelfth Night in relations to the concept of the foolishness celebration ofRead MoreThe Fool Or Jester, Hired By Olivia858 Words   |  4 PagesFeste is presented as the fool or jester, hired by Olivia to entertain as an allowed fool. Feste can speak however he likes to anyone and everyone, including a well respected person such as Olivia. It seems that he almost reverses the roles. He talks down to people that have higher â€Å"ranks† than he. At one point, Feste says to Olivia â€Å"Do you not hear fellows? Take away the lady,† making everyone else seem as they are the fool. Feste is actually quite clever and witty, though it may not seem

Comparing The Film Gattaca And The Novel Brave New World...

Both the film Gattaca (directed by Andrew Niccole) and the novel Brave New World (written by Aldous Huxley) are of the dystopian genre and explore the notions of mass control and freedom; or lack of freedom. Both societies are controlled by a totalitarian dictatorship that push their suppressive ideologies- genoism in Gattaca, and the complete eradication of viviparous births and the implementation of a caste system in Brave New World. Characters in both dystopian worlds challenge the rules and expectations of their societies. In Brave New World, Bernard Marx and John Savage rebel against the World State, albeit to different extents. In Gattaca, Vincent Freeman and Jerome ‘Eugene’ Morrow oppose their society ruled by genoism. Bernard Marx’s dislike for the oppressive World State is solely superficial. His outrage stems from his own personal sense of injustice- although he is an Alpha, he is an outsider. Emotionally, Bernard is an enigma to others. Physically, Bernard is thin and small; a complete juxtaposition to the other Alphas. These physical and emotional defects are the root of his feelings of separation to society, and his value of individualism and non-conformity. This point is exemplified on page 56, which explains ‘The mockery made him feel an outsider; and feeling an outsider he behaved like one, which increased the prejudice against him and intensified the contempt and hostility aroused by his physical defects. Which in turn increased his sense of being alien and

The War Of 1812 And The British War Essay - 1650 Words

Introduction War of 1812 was a conflict between the United States of America forces and the British Empire. Because the British feared that trade with the United States was harmful for the battle with France, they ended up restricting trade between them. Additionally, the British forces feared that the United States’ forces wanted to set up an Indian State in the West in order to maintain a strong influence in the region. This explains why more than 10,000 Native American engaged in fighting on the British side in the war. Additionally, since Canada, back then, was a colony of the British, Canadians were allies of the British army. The paper discusses the War of 1812, its causes, war breakouts, mixed results for American forces and the impacts of the war on human, economical and political environment. In the 1812 war, it is believed that the United States of America took on the Great Britain who were considered to as the world’s greatest power, in a form of conflict that would seriously harm the country’s future. The British attempts to restrict the US trade are one of the causes of the war. In this aspect, the United States encountered a lot of sufferings in hands of the British, the American troops and the Canadians. The United States capital, Washington D.C, was burnt and destroyed in the year 1814 . However, with an attempt to boost national confidence and foster patriotism, the American troops succeeded in repulsing the Invasion of the British in New York, New OrleansShow MoreRelatedThe War Of 1812, American, British, And Native American Essay985 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent perspectives to the War of 1812, American, Canadian, British, and Native American. These 4 perspectives need to be looked at in order to understand the full measure of the War of 1812. Ea ch side had their own reasons for fighting and their perceived outcome. From June 1812 – February 1815, the United States fought a war against Great Britain, Native Americans, and Canadians. Most Americans today have either forgotten or remember very little about this war. The reason for this is that thereRead MoreThe War of 1812: A Report702 Words   |  3 PagesThe War of 1812 The War of 1812 was a conflict between the United States, who had only achieved independence from their British oppressors less than 40 years before, and the British Empire, including Canada. The conflict between the United States and the British Empire lasted approximately two years and eight months. There are many factors that led to the United States declaring war on the British Empire including trade restrictions that were put in place because of the conflict between the BritishRead MoreThe Second War Of Independence907 Words   |  4 Pagesby fighting off the British in the Revolutionary War. With the British infringing on their unalienable rights, the American colonist knew they needed to take action to stop the overpowering British monarchy to preserve their freedom. The same situation arose in 1803 when the British started seizing American ships and stealing their goods. By 1812 the United States was fed up with Great Britain and their rebellious acts towards them. The Unit ed States declared war on June 18, 1812. Why is it that theRead MoreA Short Note On The War Of 18121368 Words   |  6 Pages18 April 2016 War of 1812 The War of 1812 was a battle fought between the United States and Great Britain, along with help from Canada and the Native Americans, from June 18, 1812 to February 18, 1815. The United States declared war against Great Britain due to multiple disputes that included trade restrictions against the United States, the capture of American sailors and the support of Native American tribes fighting against American settlers. These issues led to the War of 1812 which AmericansRead MoreCause And Effects Of The War Of 18121061 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Vasquez Mr. Gill AP USH 9 October 2017 War of 1812 The War of 1812 is one of many wars that the USA will go through. The war is the first war that the new America would take part of and will be the first time the USA will declare war. The war lasted from June of 1813 to February of 1815, this is a span of two years and eight months. The war was fought by the United State verses the British. The war took place in many locations around the world which include the United States, Canada, onRead MoreThe War of 18121132 Words   |  4 PagesWar of 1812 The War of 1812 was started by America due to British encroachment on three fronts, trade restrictions imposed by the British, the increasing alliances of the British with Indian tribes blocking American expansion West, and due to British interference with merchant class ships in the Atlantic. The war was fought in the Great Lakes region between America and Canada, near New Orleans in the Gulf of Mexico, in the Atlantic trade routes, and around Washington DC. The British had alwaysRead MoreThe War Of 1812 By President James Madison812 Words   |  4 PagesThe War of 1812 On June 1. 1812, President James Madison submitted a war message to the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States. This message Madison submitted describes how the British have been violating the American flag. It also in tells how the British violated neutrality rights in United States. The Americans also complained of dealing with British ships in American waters. The Americans were angry of the seizure of the American sailors to join the Royal Navy. Madison believedRead MoreThe War of 1812 Essay1051 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican-British War of 1812 which ended officially in 1814 with the peace Treaty of Ghent. None of the issues which instigated war were really resolved and it would seem that for the US, the War of 1812 was just a series of failures and few triumphs that, in the end, cost the Natives more than anyone else. The war began with fired-up Americans seeking resolution to their deep-seated resentments toward the British; hard feelings which only festered during the French Revolutionary Wars. Since theRead MoreWar of 18121643 Words   |  7 PagesThe War of 1812 was a war between Britain and the United States fought primarily in Upper Canada. It had many causes, few which involved British North America. The results of the war include the fact that there was no clear winner or loser among them. The only real losers in the situation were the Natives in the region. They were driven out of their lands and customs. None of the borders was changed by the war, though many attempts were made. The Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war, did nothingRead MoreWhy we Fought in the War of 1812 Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesWhy we Fought in the War of The war of 1812 is considered by some as the second war for independence.1 The United States had won its independence in 1783, but the British still treated the Americans as though they still had control of them. Americans resented the treatment they received from the British. They felt they were a free country and the British would not recognize them as so. This is believed by many to be the cause of the War of 1812, but no one act can be contributed as such. There

Patient And Tumor Characteristics Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(60) " scans were taken at the terminals of each of the processs\." Between January 2004 and June 2010, 160 patients underwent computing machine imaging guided transdermal cryoablation for lung tumours at our establishment. Of these patients, histologically proved phase I lung malignant neoplastic disease patients with more than one twelvemonth of followup, were retrospectively reviewed. All of these patients were considered to be medically inoperable with Charlson comorbidity index of 3 or greater. We will write a custom essay sample on Patient And Tumor Characteristics Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Follow-up was based chiefly on computed imaging. There were 22 patients with 34 tumours who underwent 25 Sessionss of cryoablation intervention. Complications were pneumothoraces in 7 interventions ( 28 % , chest tubing required in one intervention ) , and pleural gushs in 8 interventions ( 31 % ) . The observation period ranged from 12-68 months, mean 29 ±19 months, average 23 months. Local tumour patterned advance was observed in one tumour ( 3 % ) . Mean local tumour progression-free interval was 69 ±2 months. One patient died of lung malignant neoplastic disease patterned advance at 68 months. Two patients died of acute aggravations of idiopathic pneumonic fibrosis which were non considered to be straight associated with cryoablation, at 12 and 18 months, severally. The overall 2- and 3-year endurances were 88 % and 88 % , severally. Mean overall endurance was 62 ±4 months. Median overall endurance was 68 months. The disease-free 2- and 3-year endurances were 78 % and 67 % , severally. Average disease-free endurance was 46 ±6 months. Pneumonic map trials were done in 16 patients ( 18 interventions ) before and after cryoablation. Percentage of predicted critical capacity, and per centum of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 2nd, did non differ significantly before and after cryoablation ( 93 ±23 versus 90 ±21, and 70 ±11 versus 70 ±12, severally ) . Conclusions/Significance Although farther accretion of informations is necessary sing efficaciousness, cryoablation may be a executable option in medically inoperable phase I lung malignant neoplastic disease patients. Travel to: Introduction Surgical resection is presently the criterion intervention for phase I non-small cell lung malignant neoplastic disease ( NSCLC ) . However, in patients who are medically inoperable due to important comorbidities, other intervention modes need to be considered. The non-surgical direction of early phase lung malignant neoplastic disease is presently an spread outing field. These include stereotactic organic structure radiation therapy ( SBRT ) and thermic ablative processs such as radiofrequency extirpation ( RFA ) and micro-cook extirpation [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] . Transdermal cryoablation is besides presently germinating as a minimally invasive, and potentially effectual, local intervention for lung tumours [ 7 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 10 ] . This process, largely used when surgical resection is contraindicated, is presently under rating as a possible complementary therapy for patients with primary lung malignant neoplastic diseases every bit good as metastatic l ung tumours. We have, to day of the month, treated more than 300 lung tumours in more than 200 patients with acceptable feasibleness and efficaciousness. Of these patients, in the present survey, we retrospectively analyzed the midterm results of phase I NSCLC patients treated with cryoablation. Travel to: Materials and Methods Ethical motives This survey protocol was approved by Keio University institutional reappraisal board ( blessing ID: 14-23 ) . Written informed consent was obtained from each participant in conformity with the Declaration of Helsinki. Choice of patients Between January 2004 and August 2010, 160 patients underwent cryoablation for lung tumours at our establishment. Of these patients, we retrospectively reviewed our experience with cryoablation for the primary intervention of phase I NSCLC in medically inoperable patients, with more than one twelvemonth of followup. The tumours which presented as multiple tumours in one patient, were clinically considered as synchronal or metachronous primary lung malignant neoplastic diseases to be eligible for this survey. Some of these patients have been reported antecedently [ 7 ] , [ 9 ] . Prior to sing cryoablation, patients with histologically diagnosed NSCLC were routinely staged with chest-to-pelvis computed imaging ( CT ) , encephalon magnetic resonance imagination ( MRI ) or CT, and most of the patients besides underwent a antielectron emanation tomographic ( PET ) scan. Bone scintigraphy was done if PET scan was non performed. Patients with hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes greater than 1 centimeter in the shortest axis, a positive PET scan consequence, or both, underwent endobronchial echography guided needle biopsy, or mediastinoscopy. The inclusion standard for this survey were patients who were considered medically inoperable because of hazards such as impaired cardiac map, hapless pneumonic map, and/or other comorbidities, i.e. , Charlson comorbidity index ( CCI ) [ 11 ] A ; gt ; = 3. The patients ‘ desires to avoid surgery in association with their medical comorbidities were besides accounted for. The exclusion standards were as follows: ( 1 ) Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group ( ECOG ) mark of 2 or more. ( 2 ) Platelet count of less than 50,000/ µL. ( 3 ) Prothrombin clip international normalized ratio of more than 1.5. ( 4 ) No suited manner for the interpolation of investigations due to interference by major vasculatures, air passages or mediastinal constructions. ( 5 ) Incapable of cooperation during the cryoablation process. All patients were evaluated by representatives from pulmonologists, interventional radiotherapists, and pectoral sawboness to find inoperability and suitableness for cryoablat ion. Cryoablation process The process of transdermal cryoablation was performed under local anaesthesia as antecedently described [ 7 ] . Under a multidetector-row CT scanner with multi-slice CT fluoroscopy maps ( Aquilion 64 ; Toshiba Med. Co. Ltd. , Tokyo, Japan ) , utilizing an outer interpolation sheath, a 1.7-mm-diameter cryoprobe ( CRYOcare Cryosurgical Unit ; Endocare, Irvine, CA ) was inserted into the targeted nodule under fluoroscopic CT counsel. Multiple investigations were at the same time inserted if the extirpation border was considered to be deficient with merely one investigation. The cryoprobe uses high-pressure Ar and He gases for stop deading and dissolving, severally, based on the Joule-Thompson rule. Cryoablation consisted of three rhythms of freeze, 5, 10, and 10 proceedingss each. The tip of the cryoprobe reaches about ?130 A ; deg ; C during stop deading. This was followed by dissolving until the temperature of the cryoprobe reached 20 A ; deg ; C, and so a 3rd rhythm of freeze ( 10 proceedingss ) followed by dissolving. Fibrin gum was infused into the outer sheath at the clip of cryoprobe remotion to cut down the hazards of hemothoraces and pneumothoraces. Whole lung CT scans were taken at the terminals of each of the processs. You read "Patient And Tumor Characteristics Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Chest radiogram were besides taken two hours after, the following twenty-four hours, and the twenty-four hours after each of the processs to look into for complications such as hemothoraces or pneumothoraces. The patients were discharged on the 2nd postoperative twenty-four hours if there were no complications. Follow-up after cryoablation Follow-up chest-to-pelvis CT scans with contrast sweetening were carried out at 1-month and so at 3 to 6 months intervals after cryoablation. We confirmed local patterned advance when there was a uninterrupted focal or diffuse expansion of the ablated lesion on CT. Furthermore, even when no expansion was seen, we regarded it as local patterned advance if the size of partial sweetening in the tumour continuously increased. As for the sensing of distant metastases, encephalon MRI or CT was done every 3 to 6 months. Favored scan or bone scintigraphy was done if considered to be necessary. Pneumonic map trial Pneumonic map trial was done in patients who could adequately execute the trial, before, and 3 to 6 months after cryoablation. Statistical methods Local tumour progression-free intervals, and overall and disease-free endurances, were calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method. Pneumonic map trials were compared with the mated t trial. The statistical package bundle SPSS 17.0 ( SPSS Inc, Chicago, Ill ) was used for all analyses. P values smaller than 0.05 was considered to be statistically important. Travel to: Consequences During the survey period, 22 patients with 34 tumours underwent 25 Sessionss of lung cryoablation interventions for clinical phase I NSCLC. These patients were retrospectively reviewed. None of the patients had mediastinal or hilar lymph nodes greater than 1 centimeter in the shortest axis, or a positive PET scan consequence of the mediastinal or hilar lymph nodes. Fifteen patients had individual tumours, which were all treated in one session. Three patients had 2 tumours. The 2 tumours were found synchronously in all 3 patients, and were treated as one session per patient. Four patients had 3 tumours. In 2 of these patients, the 3 tumours were found synchronously, and were treated as one session per patient. In both of the staying 2 patients, 2 tumours were synchronal and one was metachronous. The 2 synchronal tumours were treated in one session in each of the patients. The metachronous tumours were treated as another session in both patients. One patient had 4 tumours. Two of these tumours were found synchronously and were treated in one session. Other 2 metachronous tumours were found at the same clip, and were treated in one session. The patient and tumour features are described in Table 1. The average maximum tumour diameter was 1.4 ±0.6 centimeter ( range 0.5-3.0 centimeter ) . More than half of the patients had a past history of resection for another lung malignant neoplastic disease. Majority of tumours were adenocarcinomas. Nine patients had more than one tumour, which were considered to be synchronal, or metachronous primary lung malignant neoplastic diseases. The figure of investigations used was 1 in 20 tumours, 2 in 13 tumours, and 3 in 1 tumour. Eight patients ( 36 % ) had important cardiac or vascular disease that put them at high hazard for surgical resection. Limited pneumonic map was the prevailing determiner of medical inoperability in 6 patients ( 27 % ) . Four of these patients were on O therapy. Other comorbidities included nephritic dis function, liver disfunction, and attendant malignances. Average CCI was 5 ±3, scope 3 to 15. Table 1 Table 1 Patient and tumour features. The most common complications of cryoablation were pneumothoraces, minor haemoptysiss, and pleural gushs. Pneumothoraces were seen in 7 interventions ( 28 % ) . Pleural gushs were seen in 8 interventions ( 31 % ) . Minor haemoptysiss were seen in 6 patients ( 24 % ) . Chest tubing interpolation was required in one patient with pneumothorax. All other complications resolved with observation merely. The observation period ranged from 12-68 months, mean 29 ±19 months, average 23 months. Local tumour patterned advance after cryoablation was observed in one tumour ( 3 % ) which was a squamous cell carcinoma 1.6 centimeter in size. Local failure was recognized as progressive expansion of the ablated part at 8 months after cryoablation. At this clip, no other metastases were observed. The local recurrent tumour was re-cryoablated. Four months after re-cryoablation, the patient developed an upper respiratory infection, which lead to an acute aggravation of the implicit in idiopathic pneumonic fibrosis ( IPF ) . The patient later died of the acute aggravation. At this point, local control was maintained. Overall, the average local tumour progression-free interval was 69 ±2 months. Median local tumour progression-free interval was non reached ( Figure 1A ) . Figure 1 Figure 1 Kaplan-Meier estimation curves of ( A ) local progression-free interval after cryoablation, ( B ) overall endurance after cryoablation, and ( C ) disease-free endurance after cryoablation. So far 3 patients ( 14 % ) have died. One patient was the patient described above. Another patient died of lung malignant neoplastic disease 68 months after cryoablation. This patient developed multiple systemic metastases whereas local control was maintained. This patient received chemotherapy one twelvemonth after cryoablation because distant metastases were detected. The staying one patient died of acute aggravation of IPF 18 months after cryoablation. In this instance, the acute aggravation of IPF occurred instantly after chemotherapy for attendant liver malignant neoplastic disease, and was non considered to be straight associated with lung cryoablation. There are 2 patients who have received chemotherapy and are alive. One patient developed multiple lung metastasis 48 months after cryoablation and have received systemic therapy with gefitinib. Local control was maintained in this patient. The other patient developed multiple systemic metastases 4 months after cryoablation. Loca l control was maintained. This patient received systemic chemotherapy after sensing of distant metastases. The overall 2- and 3-year endurances were 88 % and 88 % , severally. Mean overall endurance was 62 ±4 months. Median overall endurance was 68 months ( Figure 1B ) . Five patients are alive with lung malignant neoplastic disease. The disease-free 2- and 3-year endurances were 78 % and 67 % , severally. Average disease-free endurance was 46 ±6 months. Median disease-free endurance was non reached ( Figure 1C ) . The forms of returns other than local return were as follows: Recurrence merely in the ipsilateral thorax was seen in 1 patient, which was lung metastases. Needle-tract airings or pleural returns have non been detected so far in any of the patients. Distant metastases were seen in 5 patients. These included metastases to contralateral thoraces, lumbar vertebra, ribs, and encephalon. Treatments for these patients included chemotherapy, radiation, and gamma-knife. Pneumonic map was evaluated in 16 patients ( 18 interventions ) before and 3 to 6 months after cryoablation. There were no important differences before and after cryoablation in critical capacity ( 2.72 ±0.82 L versus 2.64 ±0.74 L, P = 0.19 ) , per centum of predicted critical capacity ( 93 ±23 % versus 90 ±21, P = 0.11 ) , forced expiratory volume in 1 2nd ( 1.81 ±0.53 L versus 1.77 ±0.50 L, P = 0.14 ) ( Figure 2 ) , and per centum of forced expiratory volume in 1 2nd ( 70 ±11 % versus 70 ±12 % , P = 0.95 ) . Figure 2 Figure 2 Individual alterations in forced expiratory volume in 1 2nd, and the mean  ± standard divergences before and after cryoablation. Travel to: Discussion There is roll uping grounds that RFA is a safe and executable intervention option for the intervention of inoperable phase I NSCLC. There is one study in which the consequences of cryoablation for phase I lung malignant neoplastic disease is included among the consequences of RFA and sublobar resections [ 10 ] . But to our cognition, this is the first study which specifically focuses on cryoablation in patients with medically inoperable phase I NSCLC. In the present survey, cryoablation was done safely in all patients. Reduction in pneumonic map after cryoablation was besides minimum in this survey, although the pneumonic map trial was done largely in patients with comparatively good pneumonic maps who could adequately execute the trial. The incidences of the most common complications, which were pneumothoraces, and pleural gushs, were comparable to those antecedently reported for RFA [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] . The reported local control rates for RFA intervention of inoperable phase I NSCLC ranged from 58 to 69 % [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] . The local control rate was somewhat higher in the present survey ( 97 % ) , presumptively because in our survey the tumours were 3 centimeter or less, really largely 2 centimeter or less, whereas old RFA surveies included tumours which were 4 centimeter or less. As for the one patient with local return, we speculate that the primary cause of local patterned advance was deficient border of extirpation. Although 2 investigations were used in this instance, it was hard to define the relationship between the border of extirpation and the border of the tumour on CT because of the implicit in IPF. We consider that farther accretion of experience is necessary to better intervention outcomes in such instances. The overall and disease-free endurance at 3 old ages were better than that antecedently reported for RFA [ 5 ] , 88 % and 67 % versus 47 % and 39 % , severally. This was besides presumptively because in our survey the tumours were 3 centimeter or less, whereas the old RFA survey included tumours which were 3-4 centimeter. In our survey, there were 6 patients with disease patterned advance other than local return, but the figure of patients was excessively little to measure if there is any characteristic form of disease patterned advance after lung malignant neoplastic disease cryoablation. Determination of medical inoperability is critically of import and should be assessed by an interdisciplinary squad. A patient should non be judged as inoperable by one factor entirely, such as hapless pneumonic map. Therefore the appraisal of medical operability requires a comprehensive rating of multiple factors in the patient. To this terminal, the group of patients in the present survey all had important associated comorbidities, with CCIs of A ; gt ; = 3. This mark has been validated in surgically resected patients with lung malignant neoplastic disease [ 15 ] , [ 16 ] . In these studies, multivariate analysis showed that a CCI A ; gt ; = 3 was a important prognostic factor of increased hazard of major complications. In the current survey, the patients who underwent cryoablation were aged ( average age, 72 old ages ) , had important comorbidities ( average CCI, 5 ) , and hence, were considered to stand for a bad population for surgery. Although farther followup is needed, so f ar merely one patient in this survey has died of lung malignant neoplastic disease, and other 2 patients have died of their comorbidities. This consequence suggests that minimally invasive intervention options such as cryoablation may really be appropriate for patients with significant comorbidities. In footings of efficaciousness, there is grounds to propose that cryoablation may ensue in improved local control in comparing to RFA in nephritic tumours [ 17 ] , but to our cognition there are no surveies comparing the two modes in lung tumours. Since this is a retrospective, experimental survey with a comparatively short followup in a limited figure of extremely selected patients subjected to multiple prejudices, farther surveies are necessary to more suitably address the results of cryoablation in comparing to RFA for early phase lung malignant neoplastic disease. SBRT is besides germinating to be a promising intervention option for early phase lung malignant neoplastic disease, with singular betterments in efficaciousness and safety. The indicants for SBRT and ablative processs are expected to be really similar, and farther surveies are necessary to define the strengths and failings of each of these modes, which may be complementary instead than reciprocally sole. Travel to: Footnotes Competing Interests: The writers have declared that no viing involvements exist. Support: No external support was received for this survey. Travel to: How to cite Patient And Tumor Characteristics Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Indian Textile Industry free essay sample

Textile IndustryStructure, Problems and Solutions Subject: Term Paper of Organization Management Under Guidance of Dr. Vinayshil Gautam Written By Jaimeen Rana Entry# 2012SMF6890 1 INDEX a) Introduction 3 b) History 3 c) Structure of Indian Textile Industry 3 d) Communication and Effectiveness 4 e) Problems faced by Textile Industry in India 5 f) Steps taken by government till now 7 g) Strategies for growth 8 h) Conclusion 9 i) References 10 2 a) Introduction Indian Textile and Apparel Industry is second largest manufacturer in the world with an estimated export value of US$ 34 billion and domestic consumption of US$ 57 billion. It stands at number two position in generating huge employment for both educated and uneducated labor in India. Over 350 lakh people are employed in this industry in India. 14% of total industrial production is done by this sector. 4% of India’s GDP is obtained by this sector. It contributes 17% to the India’s total export earnings. Top companies in Textile industry in India: Bombay Dyeing Fabindia JCT Limited Welspun India ltd Lakshmi Mills Mysore Silk Factory Arvind Mills Raymonds Reliance Textiles Grasim Industries ) History India’s textile industry evolved and developed at a very early stage and its manufacturing technology was one of the best ones. The government of India has also agreed to the proposals to support the textile industry by approving hundred percent Foreign Direct Investment in the market.Owing to the uprights and instantly incorporated textiles cost sequence (price chain), the Indian textile industry signifies a tough subsistence in the total value chain from raw products to finished products. The Synthetic and Rayon Textile Export Promotion Council (SRTEPC) has taken every required steps to meet the target of doubling the synthetic textile export in India to US $6. 2 billion by grabbing four percent of market share by fiscal year 2011- 2012. Taking into consideration the persistent funds in the textile industry, the Govt. of India may possibly widen the Technology Up gradation Fund Scheme (TUFS) by the end of the 11th Five Year Plan- in the financial year of 2011- 2012 in order to protract the industry. Indian textile industry is extraordinarily providing to meet the targeted production of $ 85 billion in the year of 2011, intending exports of more than $ 50 billion which was in year 2010.There is massive progress foreseen in Indian textile exports from the $ 17 billion accomplished in the year of 2005 -2006 to $ 50 billion by the year of 2009-2010. The assessment for the exports in the current fiscal year is about $ 19billion. There is significant potential in Indias exports of technical textiles and home textiles, as most European businesses desire to set up facilities near- by the emerging markets, such as China and India. So, the future of Indian textile industry is very bright, as it has open up the market for inter national business people.

Eco-Tourism Trends Singapore Alive Pte Ltd

Question: Discuss about theEco-Tourism Trends for Singapore Alive Pte Ltd. Answer: Introduction In this assignment 2A, emerging trends of Eco-tourism in the travel and tourism industry have been analyzed. In order to this assignment, Singapore Alive Pte Ltd (Travel Leisure Company)has been selected. Company profile has been provided along with its mission and vision. An overview of the travel and tourism industry has been provided with the help of PESTLE analysis. Depending on this overview, the current trends related with eco-tourism have synthesized and represented to the manager of the organization. Company Profile The Travel and Leisure company named Singapore Alive Pte Ltd founded in the year of 2003 (Singaporealive, 2016). The company represents a new category of travel operators in the country of Singapore. The company delivers superior travels products to all the visitors all over the world (Singaporealive, 2016). The strength of the company lies in the companys innovative product team that develops exciting tour packages. It has been found that the enthusiastic guides of the company are highly passionate about sharing their best experience of Singapore with the travellers. They also try to develop strong relationship with like-minded suppliers (Singaporealive, 2016). Services There are various types of services are provided by the company. They are such as: Cultural exchange program Experimental day trips Professional guides Hotel accommodation Transportation Convention event Destination planning Cruise packages Partnership With the help of extensive network, the operators, travel wholesalers, agents and operators can receive the best of thought products combined with best category of services form like-minded suppliers. It put visitors in touch with the fascinating culture of Asia Mission and Vision It is the mission of the travel agency to become truly the representative of Singapore in front of visitors. The company always tries to uphold the interests of the community members and always try to increase professionalism and portability of the members. The vision of the company is to promote the importance of travel agent among the community of Singapore and to create tremendous growth in the travel and tourism industry (Singaporealive, 2016). Industry Overview Political Factors The Singapore government has developed various strict rules and regulations in order to maintain peace among tourists and prevent terrorism (Fritsch Johannsen, 2015). The government has a squad named as Public Transport Security command. They ensure security of visitors in Singapore (Hultman et al., 2015). Singapore government promotes anti-discrimination with the help of various laws and regulations. Even in the cabin of the Singapore government, multi-racial politicians work together (Hultman et al., 2015). Economy Factors Strong economy of the country has positive impact on the travel and tourism industry of Singapore. On the other hand, tax revenue given by the tourists have 3% contribution in the overall economy of the country (Hunt et al., 2015). Investors in the tourism industry are interested to develop eco-tourism. They are interested to invest in various theme parks in order to attract more tourists (Fritsch Johannsen, 2015). However, inflation has negative impact on the price of foods and transportations of the country (negative impact). Social Factors The culture of the local people is always one of the major points of attraction for tourists in Singapore (Fritsch Johannsen, 2015). It has been found that the relationship between the local community of Singapore and the tourists is getting stronger every day. It has been analyzed that 58% of the tourists hotel choice in influenced by the support that the hotel provides to the local community of Singapore (Fritsch Johannsen, 2015). Technological Factors It has been found that visitors like to think technology as a part of their tourism experience (Hultman et al., 2015). Technological improvements such as internet booking system have enhanced the attraction of tourism in front of visitors (Hunt et al., 2015). In addition, the comfort of buses, airlines and boats in Singapore have been improved. In case if buses facilities such as KTV rooms and message seats have been provided in order to attract more customers. However, the government needs to invest more to improve roads, hotels and to promote eco-tourism in the country. Environmental Factors Hunt et al. (2015) stated that, in previous years it had been found that the impact of tourism is always negative on environment. However, this trend is changing in recent years. Government of Singapore is talking various policies to influence visitors to protect environment like wildlife and landscape. They are also trying to promote eco-tourism by developing World Wildlife Fund (WWF), wildlife reserves and National Park. It has been found that 93% of the international travelers like to select those travel agencies that are responsible for protecting the environment (Das Chatterjee, 2015). Psychological Factors It has been found that 66% of the visitors of Singapore prefer to buy their tourism packages from those companies that have programmed to give something back to the society (Fritsch Johannsen, 2015). 71% of the customers will like to take eco-friendly options if available (Das Chatterjee, 2015). 46% of the visitors are even willing to pay extra for CSRs. Two Trends Related with Eco-Tourism Increasing Attraction Towards Caves and Wildlife It has been found highest amount of peoples (24%) are interested towards eco-tourism in comparison with others (Fritsch Johannsen, 2015). Among these travellers 35% are interested in caves, 22% in birds and wildlife, 18% in national parks and 15% in communities and cultures (Das Chatterjee, 2015). It has been analyzed that eco-conscious tourists travel more frequently than general tourists. It has been found that eco-conscious tourists (22% of the total tourists) make 8 trips per year compare to general tourists (78% of the total tourists) make 2 trips per year (Hultman et al., 2015). Environmental Friendly Choices According to a survey analysis, it has been found that according to 93% of the travelers, travel agencies should be responsible for environment protection (Mowforth Munt, 2015). 71% of the customers will like to take eco-friendly choices if available (Hunt et al., 2015). It has been found that more than 65% of the consumers like use services and travel packages from those organizations who have implemented program to return something back to the community (Fennell, 2015). Conclusion From the analysis trends related with eco-tourism has been analyzed. The manager of Singapore Alive Pte Ltd needs to focus on developing eco-tourism related packages as the eco-conscious tourists make more frequent trips than general tourists do. Hence, it will be more profitable for them. In addition, the company needs to promote protect the environment and well-fare of the community as most of the customers like those travel agencies which are more responsible towards the environment. Reference List Das, M., Chatterjee, B. (2015). Ecotourism: A panacea or a predicament?.Tourism Management Perspectives,14, 3-16. Fennell, D. A. (2015). Ethics in Tourism. InEducation for Sustainability in Tourism(pp. 45-57). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Fritsch, A., Johannsen, K. (2015).Ecotourism in Appalachia: Marketing the mountains. University Press of Kentucky. Hultman, M., Kazeminia, A., Ghasemi, V. (2015). Intention to visit and willingness to pay premium for ecotourism: The impact of attitude, materialism, and motivation.Journal of Business Research,68(9), 1854-1861. Hunt, C. A., Durham, W. H., Driscoll, L., Honey, M. (2015). Can ecotourism deliver real economic, social, and environmental benefits? A study of the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,23(3), 339-357. Mowforth, M., Munt, I. (2015).Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and new tourism in the third world. Routledge. Singaporealive,. (2016).Singapore Alive - Tour Packages, Hotel, Transfer..Singaporealive.com. Retrieved 18 September 2016, from https://www.singaporealive.com/about.asp

Harold S. Kushners Why Bad Things Happen to Good People free essay sample

A book report on Why Bad Things Happen to Good People by Harold S. Kushner. This report reviews Harold S. Kushners `Why Bad Things Happen to Good People` and provides a positive view by the papers author. The essay includes examples from Jewish history. It would be so much easier to live in a world where God punishes the evil and rewards the good; a world where everybody knows only good things will happen to them if they follow Gods commandments and calamity will be visited only upon those who do not. However, that type of world would eliminate the freedom to make choices between good and evil. People who chose to be good because they will be rewarded are no better than trained dogs performing for treats. The choice is meaningless.

Halliburton

Halliburton Free Online Research Papers In 1919, Erle P. Halliburton established the new method of an oil well cementing company in Oklahoma City. This was the start to Halliburton’s extensive timeline. Today Halliburton provides services for the petroleum and energy industries (Business Source Complete, 1998). From 1994, the company’s revenue rose from $5.9 billion to $14.9 billion in 1999 (Bruno Valette, 2001). During this time Dick Cheney was the CEO of the Halliburton organization. In this time the company’s overseas operation grew from 51% to 68% (Bruno Valette, 2001). Mr. Cheney has receive must credit for this massive success. Furthermore, Halliburton provides an extensive range of services from engineering to oil refining. Halliburton has one of the world’s largest infrastructures. According to Bruno Valette, Halliburton is the worlds largest diversified energy services, engineering, construction and maintenance company. â€Å"The diversified revenue stream makes Halliburton less susceptible to a downturn in any one market or division† (Data Monitor Plc, 2007). Halliburton has almost 100,000 employees and 7,000 customers in more than 120 countries (Bruno Valette, 2001). Halliburton management planning skills has helped the organization grow into the largest provider of services in the construction and oil industry offer all over the world. However, Halliburton faces several ethical dilemmas that may lead to the down fall of their massive organization or it could just fuel their way to more power. Let use examine the history of Halliburton to the present as we take into account the choice made by the organization to increase its revenue and grow as a company. Halliburton’s strategic vision is to â€Å"†¦continue to set the company apart from the competitors. Driven by a passion for excellence, a commitment to finding the best solution for the customer the legacy of our founders (Halliburton, 2008).† Halliburton’s vision statement is inspirational. According to Bateman and Snell the most effective vision statements inspire organizational members (Bateman Snell 2007). The start of a successful organization is a well though out vision statement. Halliburton has set themselves apart from other organizations that are in the same industry just by their vision statement being so touching and heart felt. Furthermore, Halliburton organization took several steps to becoming a larger service provider by purchasing Brown Root, an engineering and construction company (Halliburton 2008). This was one of the many strategic plans that expanded services and increase revenue. This purchase increased the company’s stakeholder’s existence and it also put Halliburton’s organization on the map for being a more powerful, resourceful organization. In 1962, Halliburton and Dresser Industries integrated to provide more efficient services for their customers (Halliburton 2007). Dresser had acquired M.W. Kellogg, a leader in petroleum refining and petroleum processing technology, extensive knowledge and expertise in the petroleum industry (Halliburton 2007). With Halliburton expertise in engineering, construction, and oil; paired with Dresser’s knowledge in petroleum refining and petroleum processing technology, makes an unbeatable team. This team offered major innovations to the industry. Innovation forces the four functions of manage to continuously change and implement new ways of reaching the company’s goals. The top executives analyzed the situation and came up with new goals. The next step was to analyze those goals and organize them in a way that the company can benefits from. Halliburton innovation to the engineering, construction, refining and petroleum processing industry has shown its benefits by its revenues. Halliburton and Dresser paired and made a partnership that only brought success and media attention. However, in 1998, the two forces separated (Halliburton 2008). Each pursued separate ventures. Halliburton continue to provide services in engineering, construction, and oil. From this time Halliburton has obtained several major contracts that have increased the revenue and the global span of their organization. Furthermore, the organization’s balance of the â€Å"Big Five† personality traits leads to a productive work atmosphere (Griffin 2007). According to Ricky M. Griffin, experts believe that personality traits that lean toward the more positive side of each of the five traits are more productive in an organizational setting (Griffin). Halliburton has also used â€Å"Groupthink† make major decisions. Halliburton management made managerial decision that has given the organization almost a century of on going business. Do to the management team efforts Halliburton has made decisions to best reach the organizational goals. However, Halliburton has received a lot of criticism due to contracts that took place overseas. Halliburton has been accused of taking part in shooting of a protesting villager overseas, undermining American foreign policy (Bruno Valette, 2001), and abuse to inhabitants in Burma (Bruno Valette, 2001). Issues like these go on and on. Halliburton has faced several ethnical dilemmas as they increased the work, or rather the contracts they received from overseas. The most devastating issues are the litigations that the organization watch women get rape, people forced to work and even murdered if they did not cooperate with the invaders. â€Å"An ERI investigation concluded that construction and operation of the pipelines has involved the use of forced labor, forced relocation and even murder, torture and rape (Bruno Valette, 2001j).† Wendy Hall, a spokeswomen for Halliburton, claimed that Halliburton does not do business in Burma but a number of pipeline and other projects in Burma where built by Halliburton’s organization (Bruno Valette, 2001). Ethical issues like the Burma issue are only the ones that have been uncovered. It just goes to show everyone how money and power can get an organization away with almost anything. How long before a massive organization, that reigns almost in every part of the world, fall? Another question to ask is why haven’t an organization like Halliburton fallen already? One reason most organization last so long is because of they analyze their external and internal environment. SWOT analysis is an assessment taken of an organization’s strengths, weakness, opportunities, and treats (Bateman Snell, 2007). According to Data monitor, Halliburton strengths are they have a diversified revenue stream, have expertise in setting up LNG plants (Data Monitor Plc, 2007). Data monitor goes further to report Halliburton’s weaknesses as having lower margins compared to other industry, poor performance in Iraq and Kuwait, and they may be subjected to criminal investigation (Data Monitor Plc, 2007). Data monitor reports Halliburton’s opportunities as a positive outlook for the global oil and gas sector, in demand for environmental services, increase in demand for natural gas, and the shifting of operations to United Arab Emirates (UAE) (Data Monitor Plc, 2007). Further more, Data monitor reports Halliburton’s threats as political instability, environmental regulations, and termination of government contracts (Data Monitor Plc, 2007). However, according to Griffin, Halliburton’s organization is so big that it has an internal auditing staff that spends all of its time performing audits throughout the organizations divisions. This internal audit division of Halliburton helps to stay in compliance with the law congress passed in 2002, Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires CEOs and CFOs to take full responsibility of the organization’s financial statements (Griffin). Halliburton’s management team has made choices that have accelerated the company’s name and revenue. On the other hand, Halliburton has made some unethical decision that has gotten the company in the public’s eye. This attention has not diminished the company business rates or growth. The success of the company is remarkable. Through the organizational tactics and the strategic plans the company will continue to grow and profit. References Bateman, T., Snell, S. (2007). Management: leading and collaborating in a competitive world (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Business Source Complete. (1998, November). Dresser merger with Halliburton completed. Retrieved December 03, 2008, from ESBCO: www. apollolibrary.com/LTT Bruno, K., Valette, J. (2001, May). Cheney Halliburton:Going Where the Oil Is. Retrieved December 09, 2008, from ESBCO. Data Monitor Plc. (2008, November 2008). Halliburton Company SWOT ANALYSIS. Retrieved November 29, 2008, from Data Monitor: www.datamonitor.com Griffin, Ricky W. Principles of Management, Student Acheivement Series. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2007. Halliburton. (2007). Halliburton. Retrieved December 9, 2008, from Halliburton: halliburton.com/Default.aspx?navid=338pageid=713 Research Papers on HalliburtonMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceResearch Process Part OneMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

The Art of William T. Turman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Art of William T. Turman - Essay Example He left a legacy in his visual arts, and up-to-date his paints are broadly distributed in the U.S., many areas within ISU, and other institutions such as John Herron Art Institute, Indian Art Club, Swope Art Museum, homes, and libraries. He was a son of Perlina Wible Turman and Return Jonathan who offered him outstanding parental support. Today, many people renowned William as the pioneer from, which Turman Township, Turman’s Fort, Turman Prairie, and Turman Creek were named. His value of painting cannot be estimated as it continues to escalate in most institutions. After securing a strong education background in art at the Pennsylvania University, he was known for his extreme modesty and was elected as the leader of Penmanship Department, currently known as Indiana State University. With deep roots in art, the artist inspires many young artists with his paintings that clarify the impact of his work in the local culture. This essay seeks to discuss William T Turman visual arts and in doing, will provide criticism and historical, culture, and biographical information about his work. In their article, Sworp Art Museum provides biographical information about Turman’s art that records how he began his artwork. As stated, Turman instigated training in art at the Art Institute of Chicago and Chicago Academy. From 1941-1957, he served as the president of the Swope Art Museum where his paintings were emulated. Some criticizes the artist’s indistinct landscapes of Brown country with scenic sites within Wabash Valley, which some regard it be plain in content. However, one can affirm that Turman created great insights on his artwork when he painted an oil landscape of a Jewel Pool that made him awarded for his expertise of documenting the region’s people, landscape, and history as outlined in the following exhibition. â€Å"William Thomas Turman (Graysville, Indiana 1867 - 1960 Taft, California),  Jewel Pool  (detail), oil on paperboard, 1 945, Bequest of Beatrice W. Sayer, 1997.03† Retrieved from http://www.swope.org/upcoming/the-art-of-william-t-turman/ As indicated, the diagram is landscape of a jewel pool painted by oil on paperboard in 1945, and submitted to Bequest of Beatrice Sayer in 1997. Later, he exhibited most of his works in various institutions such as John Herron Art Institute, Indiana Art Club, Swope Art Museum, and Hoosier Salon among others. Though his works are mostly in private collection, there are those in public buildings such as Columbia City, Turman Township High School, and Jasonville just to name a few. The exhibition was extensively inspired by his travelling that favored his subject in artwork. In honour of his work, Turman’s exhibitions explore more on culture as the artist indicate his deep roots of different areas in painting. Turman acknowledged the importance of majoring in culture as a potential tool to capture many to his painting. In this case, some of his painting maj ors in culture in the sense that the artist uses different styles such as landscape, rivers, and paintings. As a consequence, it revealed his expertise in art as he identified applicable styles that attracted many to his drawings. Turman relied on these styles for inspiration in his paintings that appealed beautifully printed and designed. His collection elaborated writing and poetry language that revealed on culture and history. His use of a wide range of styles with an absolute absence of description linearity presented him with an honorary acknowledgement as the â€Å"The Dean of Wabash Valley Artists† (Sworp Art Museum 1). This created a remarkable reputation in his art to the extent, the art gallery ascertained in 1939 in the building at Indiana State Teachers college, named â€Å"Turman Hall†

Law UCC Essay and Multiple Q&A Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law UCC and Multiple Q&A - Essay Example This Article is regulatory in function both protecting the payee and signee of the order/payor (Cornell University Law School, 2005). Because Article 3 deals directly with the definition of payments and how it is coursed through from institutional bodies such as banks to the payee, specific terms and conditions apply to its sections. I have observed that portions of sections in this Article is clear and simple to follow. One such illustration is Section 3-114 wherein terms on an instrument are made understandable as guidelines to settle contradictions. I perceive that written words representing numerical values are likely than written numbers. Hand writing is most valued than typewritten documents while printed papers are the least utilized in filling up an instrument. One reason for all these is that specific presentation of values, such as spelling, and handwriting offers a proof of participation of the instrument’s signee in the payment system. Essay 2 Article 4: The Fourth Article of UCC is about the applicability of banking in business transactions. It clarifies the roles and responsibilities of the bank and its relationship with its customers. Bank responsibilities, in legal terms with respect to an item for the purpose of payment, presentment or collection are governed by law of the place where the bank is (Cornell University Law School, 2005). This Article [4] are also within  Articles 3 and 8, they are subject to  those Articles.  Ã‚   If there is conflict,  this Article  governs Article 3, but  Article 8  governs this Article.† (Cornell Law University, 2005). There is overlapping of statements of Articles 4, 3 and 8, which shares the same topic. These terms are included to provide for the relationship of bank and customer according to the presiding bank law in the area. If this violates a specific existing guideline on banking, Articles 3 and 8, automatically governs the transaction. Another example of overlapping of stateme nts is in Article 4-106a-c. The difference between â€Å"payable thru† and â€Å"payable at† creates enormous variation in the payment process. Moreover, there are two alternative clauses with â€Å"payable at† both has different methods of payment. The payee either can receive a draft drawn on the bank or the payment which was collected from the payor. The latter process involves the bank as channel and requires the bank to collect only and is not authorized to pay.

Interventions to Reduce Risk of Sexual Abuse

Interventions to Reduce Risk of Sexual Abuse Introduction Various intervention strategies have been implemented to try and reduce the risk of sexual abuse in those persons with a learning disability. There is a general consensus that education programmes directed towards the perpetrator are least effective and that techniques aimed at fostering assertiveness and communication in the learning disabled adult are the best preventative measures. In this review I found there to be a significant lack of research that measured the effectiveness of these interventions and further support and investigation is needed into researching these intervention strategies, advocacy and community awareness studies. Methods of obtaining research In recent years the number of articles on ‘sexual abuse in people with a disability’ found in databases such as Medline and Proquest have increased although there is still a considerable lack of quality statistically significant research. Political and media exposure has unsurfaced the need for this group to be protected. For example, the European ‘Valuing People’ agenda unsurfaced serious inequities.3 Some of the most in-depth studies come from research in which women with learning disabilities have been interviewed directly about their experiences including the ground breaking work of Michelle McArthy.3   A number of factors can limit the disclosure of abuse and lead to an underestimation of the extent of this problem. For example, an individual that has had limited exposure to prevention programs and sexuality education may not recognise the abusive nature of sexual contact they have experienced.4 Disclosure may also be inhibited by feelings of confusion, guilt or denial especially if the abuse occurred from a care-giver or a person that was trusted by the victim.4 This paper aims to criticize interventions and assess the most appropriate methods used to help educate those with learning disabilities about sexual abuse and foster prevention rather than looking at ways to support post-abuse. I haven’t addressed the issue on whether sterilization is appropriate in this review as it steers away from the autonomy of the mentally disabled adult and it is more appropriate to concentrate on education as a tool of prevention and looking at the efficacy of training methods. Method of obtaining papers for literature review All papers in ‘British Journal of Social Work’, Medline via PubMed and Medline via ProQest from 1995 – 2005. Keywords used were ‘learning disability’, ‘sexual abuse’, ‘mental handicap’, ‘prevention’, ‘intellectual disability’, ‘consent sexual relationships’, ‘learning disabilities’, ‘sexual act’, ‘sexual malpractice’. Search terms were grouped as follows:- ‘education, sexual abuse, disabled’, ‘education, sexual abuse, handicap’, ‘education, sexual, disabled’, ‘assertiveness training, sexuality, disabled’ and ‘sexuality, training, mentally disabled.’ Papers found that concentrated on adults only were used and those articles found on sexual abuse pertaining to children were omitted apart from one paper that examines the use of a Computer-Based Safety Programme that could be useful in edu cating mentally disabled adults. Papers that addressed interventions used to prevent abuse from occurring were included in the review. Definitions A ‘learning disability’ is defined as â€Å"a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the reduced ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations, including conditions such as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia.†2 Disorders not included are â€Å"learning problems that are primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities or mental retardation, of emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage.†2 It is not necessarily the person’s learning disability that makes them more vulnerable to the sexual abuse as to the situation they are placed in so that if we took a person of normal mental capacity and placed them in the same environment the risk of sexual abuse for that person would be greate r as well. Sexual Abuse refers to any form of sexual contact to a vulnerable party and violates the victim’s rights as they are not fully aware of the situation. Sexual exploitation is evident when done by anyone in a position of trust or authority towards a person or where the victim has a relationship of dependency with the perpetrator. There are various definitions of sexual abuse used in the literature and widely diverging definitions tend to be used in studies of adults with intellectual disabilities.5 Brown and Turk (1992) also distinguished between non-contact and contact abuse. Another definition of sexual abuse was â€Å"any sexual contact which is unwanted and/or unenjoyed by one partner and is for the sexual gratification of the other†.6 This is still ambiguous as sometimes sexual contact is misunderstood and it could still be enjoyed it is just that the victim is unaware of what the full extent of the act means. I believe that a better definition of sexual abuse is any sexual act performed on a victim in a position of vulnerability. That is one party is not fully aware of the act being performed and there is an imbalance in power. Could this then exclude those persons with an intellectual disability from having a relationship with a person of normal mental capacity? Perhaps, if there is balance in t he relationship and the learning disabled adult can make decisions in other aspects of the relationship this would be a more equally distributed balance of power and this person may be able to fully make decisions on relationships at their own accord. There are varying degrees of mental handicap and this makes research difficult as ethical dilemmas on whether there is full consent and understanding of sexual contact can be ambiguous. However, there are also clear cut cases such as when a disabled person is institutionalized or the primary care-giver is the perpetrator. For the purpose of this review it is important to move more onto preventing the abuse in those that are vulnerable and critiquing methods used to empower those with disabilities rather than focus on the definition of abuse. Protection of those that are in a more vulnerable position and empowerment of individuals already victims of abuse should be fore-front in the social literature. Prevalence of Sexual Abuse There is an increase in the prevalence of sexual abuse in children with learning disabilities. A study conducted by the US National Center on Child Abuse and neglect (1993) found that caregivers abused children with disabilities 1.7 times more than children without disabilities.11 The violation of children can foster the development of low self-esteem and lead onto abuse into their adult lives. A research study by Sobsey found that the risk estimate of abuse of people with disabilities may be as high as an increase of five times greater than the risk for those that aren’t disabled.8 A study by Zemp (2002) found that 64% of female and 50% of male participants were sexually exploited and that disabled room mates were the predominant group of perpetrators for the male and third important for the female participants in the study.9 The statistics in the current literature does vary and â€Å"the wide variation in the figures is due to differences of abuse, the differences in the populations sampled and differences in research methods.†7 Vulnerability For children with disabilities the risk factors for sexual child abuse are increased. A child with a learning disorder has more difficulty in understanding and communicating and has an increased level of vulnerability. As they are unable to understand tasks as well as other normal children of the same age they are often brought up with low self-esteem as their care givers perform more of the tasks for them than they would for other children. This also leads onto a greater vulnerability and increased risk of sexual abuse than what is seen in children of the same age and normal development.1 This low self-esteem can continue into adulthood resulting in the learning disabled adult also possessing low-self esteem and greater risk factors of vulnerability in comparison to other adults. For those adults with intellectual disabilities there is a difficult balance to be met between empowering the individual to make their own sexual choices and to be leading more of a normal life and to claim their sexual rights and protect them from sexual abuse.4 Murphy et al (2004) suggests that services should be guided as to whether a person has the capacity to make their own sexual choices, however, the ability to assess this capacity to consent hasn’t been clearly defined. It is obvious that a caregiver would be taking advantage of their position of trust and it would be defined as sexual abuse. However, relationships outside this sphere are much more difficult to assess. Sexual acts between two adults of diminished mental capacity for instance and with adults outside the care-giving role. A more appropriate definition in this case may be â€Å"where a person is used by another in order to satisfy certain needs without being informed or giving consent†. This focus is more on the perpetrator as satisfying their sexual needs while the victim does not gain anything by the relationship so the victim is in a position of vulnerability and may not be able to represent themselves. Review of Intervention Techniques as a method of preventing Sexual Abuse in the learning disabled adult Lobbying the Government and changes to policy The manner in which sexual abuse is dealt with in a community reflects the way disabled people are regarded by in society. A report was released in 2004 that spoke about the changes the government is try to initiate as part of the ‘Valuing people: Moving Forward Together’ project.12 According to the Health and Social Care Act 2001, an annual report must be given to Parliament on learning disability. The Leaning Disability Task Force report for 2004 was called ‘Rights, Independence and inclusion’ and addressed the Sexual Offences Bill. Part of the Bill that talks about capacity and consent was changed to reflect the rights of people with learning disabilities to a full sexual life. The British Home Office is now working on helping others understand the Sexual Offences Act fully. Change has taken place and inclusion in helping to form government policy can be considered ‘morally and ethically the most appropriate form of education’. The acceptance of the disabled person as an individual is important not only at school level but right through to parliament. Behavior modification in the learning disabled adult; empowering the victim It has been suggested that programs aimed at re-educating the perpetrator have had little success and interventions aimed at modifying the behavior of the victim have a much greater success at reducing the risk of sexual abuse in adults with learning disabilities (Bruder et al, 2005). To be able to protect themselves against perpetrators, the adult with learning disabilities needs to learn how to assess whether a situation is inappropriate, must have the assertiveness to say no and seek help and to report the event. The eleven papers chosen for review are listed in Table 1 in the Appendix. Burke et al, 1998, suggested that one way a care provider can lower the risk of sexual abuse in a learning disabled adult is to help provide functional communication skills. The adult may use their own form of communication whether this be symbols or words and their form of communication should be encouraged so that they are able to express their needs. Communication is empowering to the individual and enables them to be able to get a message to their Caregiver. Often those with intellectual disabilities are hard to understand and the carer should ask themselves if they have tried to read non-verbal behavior or begun to establish an alternative form of communication. Burke et al, 1998, also suggested that it was the Carer’s role to provide sexual education to limit the risk of abuse. This education then becomes a way of communicating the common language of sexual health. It is important that the individual understands what appropriate sexual behavior is and understands how to trust their feelings by ‘validating, rather than dismissing or minimizing, them’. The person also needs to be made aware of the appropriate forms of touch so that they can maintain and understand personal boundaries. Burke has suggested that these adults need to have a plan for when somebody doesn’t obey their personal boundary rules so that they are able to get themselves out of the situation and avoid sexual abuse altogether. It doesn’t mean being afraid of strangers but learning how to remain safe. Burke has suggested ways of empowering the learning disabled adult and reducing the risk of sexual abuse. These methods may not be useful when the caregiver is the perpetrator and it could be suggested that a teacher outside the carer role provide this type of education so that the individual is then able to recognise when a person in close association with them has crossed personal boundaries. It does not give ways to avoid abuse altogether and aims to reduc e the risk when the person knows what types of behavior is inappropriate and requires reporting. The main downfall of Burke’s research was that she didn’t quantitatively measure the reduction in risk of introducing a communication skills program so further research is needed to assess whether the implementing education on sexuality and encouraging communication strategies actually lower the incidence of sexual abuse. Earle, (2001), agreed that those with learning disabilities are especially vulnerable to sexual abuse due to the disabled person’s dependent environment, difficulty in articulating their abuse and understanding when abuse has taken place. She suggested that ‘whilst disabled people have the right to be protected from sexual abuse and exploitation, it could be argued that a concern with this risk should not be used as a smokescreen to deny disabled people their sexual identity.’ Earle also postulated that by not discussing sexuality and creating an atmosphere where ‘sexuality is taboo’, this may in fact increase the incidence or worsen the experience of the sexual abuse. Earle also found that nurses tended to think of their disabled patients as asexual and in denial did not address the sexual needs of the patient at all. She also found that disabled individuals have been unable to access information and services on sexuality. Earle admits in this paper that ‘the purpose of this paper has not been to provide answers’,’ nor has it been possible to explore all of these issues in depth’ but to show that the issue of sexuality should be given greater emphasis in a holistic health care framework. The missing link is whether empowering the disabled individual to make their own sexual choices and discover their own sexual identity actually reduces the incidence of sexual abuse. Teaching refusal skills to sexually active adolescents was introduced in a study by Warzak et al (1990). The training was given to sexually active handicapped female adolescents who lacked an effective refusal strategy. Role-plays were used to help teach effective strategies using ‘the who, what, when and where of situations which resulted in unwanted sexual intercourse.’ The skillfulness and effectiveness of the subjects’ refusal skills were judged to be improved as a result of the training. This study did not have a control group. The research did have a long-term follow up after 12 months and this showed a decrease in sexual activity for each girl. Singer (1996) introduced a programme to seven intellectually disabled adults that lived in a residential group home. The programme consisted of weekly sessions of assertiveness training, group exercises, role-plays and information giving. The participants had previously been subjected to verbal, physical and emotional abuse by previous members of staff and Singer aimed to teach them how to respond appropriately and assertively in situations of abuse. The trainers assessed each client individually to evaluate how they would initially act in a situation of abuse and also measured their social behavior, assertiveness skills, use of verbal and non-verbal behavior and reading and writing skills. They were given ratings on assertiveness in each role play and it was found that after the training was implemented, the participants did not show improvements in scores where authority figures were the perpetrators but that an overall general improvement in assertiveness scores was established. T he staff did comment that the residents showed an increase in confidence, communication and positive attitude post-intervention. This type of study would be great implemented on a larger scale. The difficulty in establishing whether this research has been effective is due to the small numbers. The long-term effects of the trainings are also unknown as there has not been any follow up study. The research study is lacking statistical analysis and a control group so it is difficult to assess whether the trainings actually reduced the risk of further sexual abuse. Mazzucchelli (2001) introduced a ‘Feel Safe pilot study of protective behaviors programme for people with intellectual disability.’ The programme was designed to increase personal safety skills by teaching ways of recognizing unsafe situations and developing a range of coping and problem-solving skills. This research study implemented the use of a control group. There were ten participants in each group. This intervention program was originally developed in the 1970s for children and was then used in this research study with learning disabled adults. Another main focus of the training was â€Å"Nothing is so awful that we can’t talk to someone about it.† The training programme involved the research group participating in role-plays and then evaluating how they behaved to promote self-regulation of behavior as well as using the role-plays in real, everyday situations. Questionnaires were used to evaluate quality of life and protective behavior skills and con ducted by assessors that weren’t involved in delivery of the programme. The experimental group did show a statistically significant increase in performance on the Behavioral Skills Evaluation in comparison to the control group from pre-test to follow-up suggesting that the programme did improve favorable behavioral skills but did not improve the participant’s quality of life. The six-week follow up may have been too soon to appropriately evaluate any change in quality of life. Mazzucchelli also had a small number of participants which led to difficulties in showing statistical significance for the research. The themes which showed the greatest increase from pre-test to post-test were â€Å"we all have the right to feel safe†, â€Å"it is acceptable to be non-compliant or ‘break rules’ during an emergency and self-assertion skills. The researchers Lee et al (2001), examined the effectiveness of a computer-based safety programme for children with severe learning difficulties that could be implemented into an adult training programme. Three groups were established. One group was offered the safety programme, one was a control and the third group was given the intervention programme much later in the study. All of the participants were tested for cognitive ability and knowledge of personal safety concepts pre-training. Two post-tests were conducted 1 week and 2 weeks after the safety programme. There were 18 candidates in the control group and 31 children in the experimental group. None of the schools had previously implemented formal personal safety training programmes although some of the teachers had started to discuss personal safety with their students. The computer programme went through role-plays illustrating types of behavior and the experimental group was divided into ‘less able’ and ‘ more able’ depending on cognitive ability. The researchers used two interviews to establish the student’s perception of authority figures and their knowledge of personal safety. MANOVA analysis found authority to have an independent effect on the respondent’s safety scores and this authority awareness was independent of the participant’s cognitive ability. These researchers found that those involved in the safety programme have significantly improved their knowledge of safety concepts and maintained this increase in knowledge for 15 weeks. There was also a statistically significant result in those going through the programme for the skill of ‘being able to tell someone’ and the study illustrated that they would repeatedly tell someone even after being dismissed the first time and they could also provide a reason for this disclosure. The research showed that there was no significant increase in knowledge attained by the control group leaving t hese untrained students as potential targets by perpetrators. Lee et al (2001) also found that the increase in knowledge post-training was greater in the ‘more able’ group so that training may need to be repeated for those with lower cognitive ability. By the end of the programme all the students were able to produce a list of people that they would tell if they experienced an incident. The researchers also explored the importance of acknowledging authority issues when designing a personal safety programme. This research illustrates that learning disabled students can benefit from training programmes on personal safety. The implementation of these programmes with adults may prove beneficial. Education of teachers, health care providers and caregivers Howard-Barr et al (2005) explored the beliefs in teachers regarding sexuality training of mentally disabled students. The researchers also investigated the range of sexuality topics they would teach and their professional preparation. The participants in the study believed that sexual education should be taught, they rated their current delivery as inadequate and expressed that they needed much more preparation. The number of participants was moderate (n=494) although only 206 candidates actually returned the questionnaire resulting in a response rate of 42%. There were 36 sexuality topics presented and out of the top 6 most important skills, the concept of personal skills was rated the highest. Teachers of mentally disabled students rated personal skills topics such as finding help, assertiveness, communication and friendship more important than human development topics such as reproduction, anatomy and body image. Subjects such as masturbation, human sexual response and shared sexu al behavior were the most neglected topics. The limitations of this study included the inability to assess the quality of teaching and whether the teacher was actually addressing any specific areas of the 36 topics. This research topic did not address the effectiveness of education as a risk reduction method for sexual abuse however it did examine the beliefs of the teachers in the type of topics covered in sexuality education of mentally disabled students. It also revealed a general feeling of professional inadequacy in this area. Fronek et al (2005), conducted a research study that examined the effectiveness of a Sexuality Training Program for patients post-spinal cord injury. They found that there was evidence to support consideration of the client sexuality and a lack of training given to caregivers in this area. This study evaluated the attitudes of staff before and post-sexuality training. The researchers based the training on the Specific Suggestions and Intensive Therapy (PLISSIT) model. The sample group (n=89) was divided into a control group and experimental group randomly. A series of one-day workshops were conducted to the experimental group. Topics covered included identification of professional boundaries, limit setting, maintaining boundaries, development of sexual identity and case studies. This training programme was not focusing on the prevention of sexual abuse, rather the education of staff to being able to be open and teach their patients about sexuality. The staff assigned to the treatment group showed a significant improvement on all subscales of the KCAASS (Knowledge, Comfort, Approach and Attitudes towards Sexuality Scale) post-training and these changes were still significant three months later. In comparison, the control group did not show any significant changes on the KCAASS. Those patients suffering from spinal cord injury are not necessarily affected cognitively and may be only physically affected so this study is limited in assessing how sexuality training of staff could benefit the needs of people with a learning disability. The training was conducted over a one day period and a longer programme may be more beneficial to staff. There was a reporting bias shown by the control group as they were not assigned to receive training initially and the researchers believe that feelings of resentment and a tendency to over-estimate knowledge resulted from being assigned into the control group. Whether improvements can be maintained for longer periods of time (>3 mon ths) is uncertain and refresher courses may be necessary. The research did not examine the effect this education has on the patient in improving their own sexual identity and further studies would be useful in examining whether this limits the risk of sexual abuse. The PLISSIT model has been widely used to implement staff training and sexuality rehabilitation interventions within various clinical disciplines and could be an effective model to use to train carers of mentally disabled people. This model also allows for staff involvement according to level of comfort, previous knowledge and counseling skills. Community awareness Rogow (1998) discusses the impact of different forms of abuse in two case studies and expresses the need for comprehensive preventative or pro-active intervention strategies. The author discusses the release of an education campaign that consists of a video, handbook, workshop series and public service announcements for broadcast media that is aimed as a preventative to educate people involved with disabled youth. These publications are not specifically addressing prevention of sexual abuse in mentally disabled persons although, these forms of media could be used to help foster community awareness of this subject. The effectiveness of these media releases has not yet been evaluated and requires research. The video and handbook is being supported by government and private agencies and made in co-operation with parents and organizations advocating for the rights of people with disabilities. Advocacy Leicester Cooke (2002) expressed a need for further advocacy to those individuals to whom the giving of informed consent is difficult (individuals who are most likely to be among those labeled as having ‘severe learning disabilities’). These researchers also suggest that advocates, in representing other people, must attempt to work out what the learning disabled person would choose and not necessarily what they would choose. Advocates needs to have high levels of empathy and the ability to know when and how to set their own beliefs and values aside. Assessing the ability to use advocacy to reduce the risk of sexual abuse in learning disabled persons is yet to be researched. Recommendations for social work practice at local level There are several great projects currently in place that foster the empowerment of the learning disabled adult to help them protect themselves and also to be able to make their own choices about sexual relationships. For example, The Disability Pride Project explores avenues that promote safety and support by promoting awareness within the community and developing healthy sexuality workshops for people with disabilities.10 This group teaches community specific advocacy and self-advocacy skills, organizes workshops for personal attendants and institutions about sexuality in the lives of people with disabilities and creates opportunities for young women with disabilities to be mentored by older women with disabilities.10 These educational sessions could be implemented by Social Workers, carers and other educators internationally to foster empowerment in the learning disabled adult to help prevent abuse and instill confidence and responsibility in both the disabled adult and the caregivers. In this review I have critiqued papers that have researched the effectiveness of education of both the carer / teacher and the learning disabled adult and it is evident that there is an extreme lack of research in this area and there is a need for more statistically significant, large numbered studies that investigate the effectiveness of intervention strategies. Conclusion The studies on interventions used to prevent sexual abuse in those with a learning disability are limited. There is some suggestion from the research that advocacy and changes to policy will help to encourage greater understanding of learning disabled people in the community. Greater awareness can foster independence and boost self-esteem which may then lower the risk of sexual abuse in this minority group. Some of the research papers presented in this review have shown that intervention strategies such as improving communication skills in the learning disabled and education of both staff and carer may be beneficial. The implementation of behavioral strategies including role-plays may help the intellectually disabled person gain an increase in confidence, assertiveness and develop a strategic plan if placed in danger of a sexual predator. These training programmes could be introduced by the social worker or some other authority figure apart from the actual care-giver as there have be en cases where the carer is actually the perpetrator of the abuse. More studies of greater numbers using both an experimental and control group are necessary to determine whether these intervention strategies will be successful at significantly reducing the risk of sexual abuse in the learning disabled adult. Although, an increase in confidence and assertiveness in these people would also be a great benefit so even if the studies are unable to show significant risk reduction of sexual abuse the training could positively influence other aspects of their lives. References Abuse of Children with Disabilities. NCFV. Public Health Agency of Canada. www.phac-aspc.gc.ca http://curry.edschool.virginia.edu/sped/projects/ose/categories/ld.html#defin Brown, H. 2004. A Rights-based Approach to Abuse of Women with Learning Disabilities. Tigard Learning Disability Review. Volt 9, Is 4, pp41-44. Murphy, GH and O’Callaghan, A.2004. Capacity of adults with intellectual disabilities to consent to sexual relationships. Psychological Medicine, Volt 34, Is 7, pp 1347 Brown, H and Turk, V. 1992. Defining sexual abuse as it affects adults with learning disabilities. Mental Handicap Volt 20, pp 33-55. McCarthy, M. 1993. Sexual experiences of women with learning disabilities in long stay hospitals. Sexuality and disability Volt 11, pp 277-286. McCarthy, M and Thompson, D.1996. Sexual abuse by design: an examination of the issues in learning disabilities services. Disability and Society. Volt 2, pp 205-224. Subset, D. 1994. Violence